Moorish tortoise: husbandry, profile and food
The Moorish Tortoise is a small to medium-sized turtle species native to North Africa, the Mediterranean region, and Asia. There are a total of ten subspecies, with the largest ones weighing over five kilograms and reaching a shell length of about 35 centimeters.
Moorish Tortoise Profile
- Scientific Name: Testudo graeca
- Size: Shell length up to 35 cm (significant variation among subspecies)
- Weight: Over 5 kg (significant variation among subspecies)
- Age: 60 to 80 years
- Distribution: North Africa, Asia, European Mediterranean region
- Habitat: Varies depending on the distribution area
- Keeping: Outdoor enclosure with a sheltered area
- Diet: Various plants and different invertebrates
- Behavior: Diurnal
- Hibernation: Yes
Appearance of the Moorish Tortoise
Adult Moorish Tortoises have a smooth, domed upper shell (carapace) and a narrow, elongated neck shield and tail shield, which is usually undivided. Large individuals can reach a shell length of up to 35 centimeters and a weight of over 5 kilograms. However, the size and weight of the tortoises depend on the subspecies.
The coloration of the upper shell can vary significantly depending on the habitat, ranging from light gray to sandy yellow, olive, and light brown. As Moorish Tortoises age, the coloration of their upper shell becomes more faded. The front of the lower shell (plastron), which is significantly thickened, typically has a dark coloration.
Subspecies of the Moorish Tortoise
The vast distribution range of the Moorish Tortoise has resulted in numerous subspecies. Recent studies recognize a total of 10 varieties, divided into western and eastern subspecies.
Western subspecies of the Moorish Tortoise:
- Testudo graeca marokkensis (Moroccan Tortoise)
- Testudo graeca cyrenaica (Cyrenaica Tortoise)
- Testudo graeca graeca (Moorish Tortoise)
- Testudo graeca nabeulensis (Tunisian Tortoise)
- Testudo graeca soussensis (Sous Valley Tortoise)
Eastern subspecies of the Moorish Tortoise:
- Testudo graeca buxtoni (Caspian Tortoise)
- Testudo graeca armeniaca (Armenian Tortoise)
- Testudo graeca ibera (Iberian Tortoise)
- Testudo graeca zarudnyi (Persian Tortoise)
- Testudo graeca terrestris (Levantine Tortoise)
Habitat of the Moorish Tortoise
Due to their extensive distribution range, Moorish Tortoises have adapted to various climatic conditions and habitats over time. They can thrive in Mediterranean climates in Greece, cold winters in Asian steppes, and dry semi-deserts in North Africa.
As ectothermic animals, Moorish Tortoises rely on sufficiently high temperatures. However, in certain habitats and seasons, temperatures can be excessively high and lead to overheating.
During extremely hot periods, Moorish Tortoises seek shelter in rock crevices or even burrow into the ground. They are primarily active early in the morning and late in the evening during the summer. In desert regions, they may even enter a state of summer dormancy during particularly high temperatures.
Keeping the Moorish Tortoise
The eastern subspecies of the Moorish Tortoise are better suited as pets compared to their western counterparts. The western subspecies have higher requirements due to the conditions in their natural habitat, making them less stress-resistant and more susceptible to diseases.
Regardless, for proper care, Moorish Tortoises require a sufficiently large outdoor enclosure during the summer. Since the tortoises prefer high temperatures, the tortoise enclosure should be placed in a sunny location. Additionally, a heated shelter and a sheltered area are essential.
A fence about 40 centimeters high prevents the tortoises from escaping. For young tortoises, it is also recommended to cover the enclosure with wire mesh to protect them from potential predators such as birds and martens.
Diet of the Moorish Tortoise
Moorish Tortoises primarily feed on vegetation. Their diet consists of a wide range of plants, including legumes, carnation plants, buttercup plants, and various grasses.
In the wild, Moorish Tortoises may also consume dried plants during food shortages. They may even eat poisonous plants if there is no other food available.
Apart from plants, Moorish Tortoises also eat invertebrates such as insects and snails. The proportion of animal-based food is usually higher in adult females compared to young tortoises and males.
Lifespan of the Moorish Tortoise
The lifespan of Moorish Tortoises typically ranges from 60 to 80 years. There are reports of individuals living over 100 years, but they are likely exceptional cases.
Hibernation of the Moorish Tortoise
Depending on their habitat and the prevailing temperatures, Hermann's tortoises also go into winter dormancy. Individuals kept as pets should also have the opportunity to undergo winter rest. Otherwise, the animals may grow too quickly and become more susceptible to diseases.
In general, Moorish Tortoises can burrow themselves for hibernation in their outdoor enclosures. However, it is essential to protect them from frozen ground in this case. One option is to provide them with a properly equipped sleeping house or sheltered area with a heated spot.
Alternatively, a suitable overwintering box can be used as a winter quarters in a refrigerator. This method allows for precise temperature regulation during hibernation.
Reproduction and Breeding of the Moorish Tortoise
The mating season for Moorish Tortoises begins after the hibernation period. Male tortoises may engage in vigorous fights for female mates. During the mating process itself, the male tortoise emits distinct audible sounds.
From April to June, the female tortoise lays one to three clutches, each containing five to eight eggs. For this purpose, the female digs a nest with a depth of about 10 centimeters and carefully covers it with soil after laying the eggs. The incubation period lasts for 60 to 100 days until the hatchlings emerge.
Since female Moorish Tortoises are particularly sensitive to temperature fluctuations during egg-laying, the use of a heat lamp may be necessary for captive breeding. Regardless, after egg-laying, the eggs can be carefully excavated and placed in an incubator.
Buying the Moorish Tortoise
The Moorish Tortoise is considered a vulnerable species. Breeding and selling of these tortoises require proper permits. Additionally, as an owner, you are obligated to register your Moorish Tortoise with local authorities. Note that registering the tortoise does not automatically grant permission for breeding.
Before purchasing a Moorish Tortoise, it is important to be aware of their long lifespan and the requirements for proper care.
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